北京百花山落叶阔叶林群落的物种多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Alatalo均匀度指数研究北京百花山落叶阔叶林中3种群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明：1）群落总体的多样性特征为黑桦-柔毛绣线菊-野青茅＋矮紫苞鸢尾群丛的物种丰富度最大,核桃楸-绒毛绣线菊-蓝萼香茶菜＋大油芒群丛的多样性指数最大,辽东栎-小花溲疏-披针苔草群丛均匀度指数最大;2）不同生长型的物种多样性特征为,草本层的物种丰富度、多样性指数大于灌木层和乔木层,均匀度指数的变化规律为灌木层〉草本层〉乔木层;3）乔木层与草本层、灌木层与草本层间的丰富度指数、多样性指数均有极显著差异,乔木层与灌木层、乔木层与草本层间的Pielou均匀度指数有显著差异。     

Quantifying plant species diversity in a Natura 2000 network: Old ideas and new proposals

Assessing the effects of the spatial components on species diversity in a network of protected areas represents an important step for assessing its conservation “capacity”. A clear evaluation on how α-, β-, and γ-diversity are partitioned among and within spatial scales can help to drive manager decisions and provide method for monitoring species diversity. Moving from these concepts, a probabilistic sample of plant species composition was here applied for quantifying plant species diversity within the Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) of the Natura 2000 network in the Siena Province. All analyses were performed separately for all species and those species defined as “focal” (included in regional, national or continental “red” lists). The results indicated that species richness of the SCIs differed from one location to another one independently from the sampling efforts. Diversity partitioning indicated that most of the flora diversity within the network was given by larger-scale β-diversity, i.e. the differences in species composition among SCIs. β-diversity was then decomposed in two components: β_Area (due to the differences in area among SCIs) and β_Replacement (due to the compositional differences across SCIs). β_Area was particularly important for all species, while β_Replacement was the most important factor for focal species. The consequent implications for monitoring and nature conservation strategies are discussed.     

Effect of desert plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities

Nutrient source limitation in desert ecosystems enhances competition among plant communities, leading to creation of microhabitats beneath the shrubs that can determine composition and abundance of soil organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities in the rhizosphere of tightly interweaving shrubby communities. Soil samples were collected monthly under the canopies of three perennial desert shrubs: Artemesia herba-alba, possessing the allelopathic ability to dominate in relationships with other plants; Reaumuria negevensis, a salt-resistant plant; and Noea mucronata, a typical dry desert shrub. An inter-plant area was used as a control. The results demonstrated that soil water content (SWC) and total organic carbon (C_org) were significantly different under different plants and inter-plant areas, with the highest values found under R. negevensis (SWC) and N. mucronata and R. negevensis (C_org). Plant parasite and omnivore-predator nematodes were more sensitive to the ecophysiological individual features of observed plants versus the total number of nematodes and bacteria- and fungi-feeding nematodes. Generally accepted ecological indices such as Wasilewska (WI), trophic diversity (T), maturity (MI, MMI), basal (BI), enrichment (EI), structure (SI), and channel (CI), pointed to specific ecological conditions under canopies of the observed plants.     

Positionality and protocol in field research: Undertaking community‐based investigations in Samoa

This article considers the experiences of a Samoan female geographer undertaking community‐based field research in her home country, and identifies some lessons for researchers working in similar circumstances. The paper suggests that ethical behaviour in research is ‘place‐specific’, and there is therefore a need to employ culturally sensitive and ‘location‐specific’ methodologies when undertaking community‐based research fieldwork. For the lead researcher, growing up in Samoa played a significant role in gaining an understanding of a set of robust and effective procedures to evaluate citizens' resilience to climatic and other environmental challenges. Fluency in everyday and more formal local languages, and awareness of local differences, each with multi‐layered connections to local communities, understanding cultural nuances and practising respect for va tapuia [sacred space or relationships] protocols, together facilitated the process of knowledge acquisition and helped to confirm the validity of the conclusions derived from the study.     

基于高通量测序技术分析2种菌草根际土壤真菌群落多样性

为了解福州菌草基地巨菌草和绿洲一号2种菌草的根际土壤真菌群落多样性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法,对菌草根际土真菌的多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明：从3份土壤样本中获得525 292条ITS序列,在97%序列相似性基础上可划分为7267个可操作分类单元（OTU）。真菌群落的丰富度指数（ACE）以菌草非根际土最低,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土;而多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener和Simpson）菌草根际土高于非根际土,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土。3份样品的优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）;优势菌纲为散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、粪壳菌纲（ Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、圆盘菌纲（Orbiliomycetes）、银耳纲（Tremellomycetes）、粘膜菌纲（Wallemiomycetes）;优势菌属为篮状菌属（Talaromyces）、深黄伞形霉属（Umbelopsis）、枝孢菌属（Cladosporium）、暗双孢菌属（Cordana）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、隐球菌属（Cryptococcus）、淡紫紫霉属（Purpureocillium）、赤霉菌属 （Gibberella）、灵芝属（Ganoderma）。研究结果表明,菌草根际土真菌群落多样性高于非根际土,为进一步更好地利用菌草提供理论参考依据。     

间作栽培对宁夏南部山区马铃薯根际土壤真菌菌群结构的影响

根据宁夏南部山区气候和作物的生长特点，设计马铃薯‖玉米（P‖M，行比分别为4∶1，3∶2， 2∶3）、马铃薯‖蚕豆（P‖F，行比同前）、马铃薯不同品种（A‖B‖C，行比1∶1∶1）间作栽培模式，以马铃薯连作为对照，研究马铃薯根际土壤真菌多样性和菌群结构的变化，探寻能够减轻宁夏南部山区马铃薯连作障碍的有效栽培模式。采用基于18S rDNA的末端标记限制性片段长度多态性 (Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism，T-RFLP) 技术研究不同间作栽培模式下马铃薯根际土壤真菌的菌群结构和多样性变化，构建真菌ITS克隆文库，利用Genbank数据库比对各栽培模式中ITS序列的测序结果，并作群落结构组成和功能分析。结果表明，马铃薯间作栽培后真菌Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均有不同程度降低；马铃薯与玉米、蚕豆间作后根际土壤真菌的物种丰富度在门、纲和目的分类学水平上与连作相比明显下降，菌群结构发生较大变化，成熟期马铃薯‖玉米3∶2行比间作模式与连作的差异最大，属的比例下降67.74%。间作栽培后，黑孢属（Nigrospora）、地丝霉属（Geomyces）、圆盘菌属（Orbilia）、枝顶孢属（Acremonium）、四枝孢属（Tetracladium）等9个属的真菌消失，同时新增刺盘孢属（Colletotrichum）、毛壳属（Chaetomium）、巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）、小球腔菌属（Pleosporineae）等13个属的真菌，其中马铃薯‖玉米3∶2行比间作后巨孢囊霉属比例高达60.35%。可见，马铃薯‖玉米间作栽培能有效改善马铃薯根际土壤的真菌菌群结构，使其微环境得以改善，缓解宁夏南部山区马铃薯连作障碍。     

Artificial neural network modeling of microbial community structures in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Microbial communities vary across the landscape in forest soils, but prediction of their biomass and composition is a difficult challenge due to the large numbers of variables that influence their community structures. Here we examine the use of artificial neural network (ANN) models for extraction of patterns among soil chemical variables and microbial community structures in forest soils from three regions of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. At each location, variations in soil chemical properties and FAME profiles of microbial community structures were mapped at 20 × 20 m intervals within 10 ha parcels. Geostatistical analyses showed that spatial variability in soil physical and chemical variables could be mapped at scale distances of 20 m, but that FAME profiles representing the microbial communities were highly variable and had no spatial dependence at the same scale in most cases. RDA analysis showed that FAME signatures representing different microbial groups were positively associated with soil pH, OM, P and base cations concentrations, whereas microbial biomass was negatively associated with the same environmental factors. In contrast, ANN models revealed clear relationships between microbial community structures at each parcel location, and generated verifiable predictions of variations in FAME profiles in relation to soil pH, texture, and the relative abundances of base cations. The results suggest that ANN modeling provides a useful approach for describing the relationships between microbial community structures and soil properties in tropical forest soils that were not able to be captured using geostatistical and RDA analyses.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替中期群落比较异质性研究

对陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替中期6块样地进行了群落间异质性和群落异质性分析。结果表明,群落间异质性与环境因素差异多数为正相关,说明环境对撂荒演替中期群落组成与结构起到了一定的塑造作用,典型相关分析进一步表明群落间异质性有84.6%是由环境差异引起的,其中土壤全磷含量与群落间组成异质性、土壤水分与群落结构异质性有较强的正相关关系,说明土壤磷营养对撂荒演替中期群落组成有较大的影响,而土壤水分是影响植物生长和群落结构的重要因素,因此在对撂荒7~15年的耕地进行恢复与重建应注意磷肥的施用和节水、保水措施。     

川西北不同沙化程度草地土壤细菌群落特征

研究川西北不同沙化程度草地（未沙化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地、重度沙化草地）土壤细菌多样性和群落结构特征,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16 SrRNA V₃—V₄可变区进行测序,研究土壤细菌多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理养分探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素,对发挥土壤潜在肥力,了解土壤健康状况,实现该区植被的管理与可持续利用有着重要的意义。结果表明:（1）不同沙化草地土壤养分具有明显差异,依次表现为:随着沙化程度的增加,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷逐渐降低;（2）不同沙化程度草地土壤样品中共检测到细菌的32个门,65个纲,169个目,优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）,主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、浮霉菌纲（Planctomycetacia）,与沙化草地相比,未沙化草地优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;（3）随着沙化程度的增加,OUT数目、Chao指数、Ace指数、Shannon指数逐渐减小,其中不同沙化草地土壤细菌覆盖率和Simpson指数差异不显著（p > 0.05）;（4）冗余分析和Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH值、土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）是土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的主要影响因子。